🔴 Aristotle - Father of Biology and Father of
Zoology
🔵 Animal - 🔸Animals having red blood
Enaina
🔸Do not having red blood
Called Anaima
🌱 Plants - 1. Herbs
2. Sherbs
3. Trees
🔴 Theophrestus - Father of ancient plant taxonomy and Father of zoology.
📕 Book
1. Historia Plantarum (1st Book of Botany)
2. Causes of Plants
3. Enquiry into Plants
🌱 Plants - 1. Herbs
2. Sherbs
3. Undersherbs
4. Trees
He proposed term annual, binneial, perinial
🔴 Carrolous Linnaeus : Father of Plant Taxonomy
Carrolous Linnaeus full name is Carl Van Linn
He is the Father of Plant Taxonomy
Founder of Binomial Nomenclature
Father of Animal Taxonomy
📕 Book
1. Hortus Uplandicus
2. Philosophia Botanica - This book is described principles of nomenclature.
3. Species Planterum - This book described Scientific name of Plants.
4. General Planterum - This book described detail description of plant kingdom.
5. Systema Naturae - This book described Scientific name of animals and detail description of animal kingdom.
🔴 Two Kingdom Classification
1. Plantae
2. Animalia
🔴 R. H. Whittaker (1969)
Introduce 5 kingdom classification
1. Monera
2. Protita
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
✔️ Criteria
Phylogenetic Relationship
Cell Structure
Body Organisation
Mode of Nutrition
Reproduction
🔴 Monera
1. All prokaryotes (no well defined nucleus)
2. Cell wall - Peptido glycan ( sugar + amino acid) Except Mycoplasma & Archebacteria
⏺️ Shape of Bacteria
1. Cocus
2. Bacillus
3. Spirullum
4. Comma
🦠 Types of Bacteria
1. Archebacteria
2. Eubacteria
Archebacteria
1. Methanogens
2. Halophiles
3. Thermoacidophiles
4. Taq Polimarage
Eubacteria - also called 'True Bacteria'
1. Chlorophyll added
2. Chemosynthetic
Reproduction
1. Conjugation - cell to cell contact (DNA Transfer)
2. Transduction
3. Transformation
Mycoplasma - smallest living cell, does not have cell wall, called 'Joker of the Plant Kingdom', PPLO
Eubacteria
Eubacteria also called 'Truerue Bacteria'
They are characterized by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if motile, a flagellum.
The cyanobacteria also called blue green algae. Have cholorophyll alpha similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrops.
Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocyst. e.g - Nostoc & Anabaena
Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria oxidised various inorganic substances such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for their ATP production.
Heterotrophic bacteria are most abundant in nature.
The mycoplasma are organisms that completely lack a cell wall. They are the smallest living cells known and can survive without oxygen. Many mycoplasma are pathogenetic in animals and plants.
🔴 Protista
1. Single Cell
2. Eukaryotic
The boundaries are not well defined.
Aquatic
May be present cilia and flagella.
Protista forms a link with the others dealing with plant, animals and fungi.
The protestants content cell body contains a well defined nucleus and other membrane bound organelles.
🔸Chrysophytes
• Chrysophytes includes diatoms and golden algae (desmids).
• They are microscopic, and float passively in water current (plankton).
• Mostly photosynthetic but not all.
• Diatoms like soap box.
• Diatoms are the chief 'producers' in the oceans.
🔸 Dinoflagellates
• Dinoflagellates are mostly marine and photosynthetic.
• They are pyar yellow, green, brown blue and red depending on their main pigment.
• Cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on outer surface.
• Red dinoflagellates (gonyaulax) undergo Rapid multiplication that they make the sea appear red (redtides).
🔸 Euglenoids
• Pellicle - instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer called Pellicle which makes their body flexible.
• Mojority of them are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water.
• They have two flagella.
• They are autotrops or photosynthetic in presence of sunlight and behave like heterotrops in absence of sunlight.
• Ex: Euglena
🔸Slime Mould
• Slime Moulds are saprophytes protists.
• Under suitable conditions they form and aggregation called plasmodium.
• During unfavourable conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.
• the spore are dispersed by air currents.
🔸 Protozoans
• All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites.
1. Amoeboid Protozoans
2.Flagellated Protozoans
3. Ciliated Protozoans
4. Sporozoans
1. Amoeboid Protozoans
• They move and capture their prey by putting out pseudopodia (false feet ) as in Amoeba.
• Marine forms have silica shells on their surface.
2. Flagellated Protozoans
• The parasitic forms cause diseases such as sleeping sickness.
Ex: Trypanosoma
3. Ciliated Protozoans
• These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the presence of thousands of cilia.
• They have a cavity ( gullet ) that opens to the out side of the cell surface.
• Cilia causes the water laden with food to be steered into the gullet.
Ex: Paramoecium
4. Sporozoans
• The most notorious is plasmodium ( malarial parasite ) which causes malaria, a disease which has a staggering effect on human population.
🍄Fungi
• The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms.
• Yeast is only fungi which is unicellular.
• Their body consist of long, slender thread like structure called hyphae.
• The network of hyphae is known as mycellium.
• Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates and hence are called saprophytes.
• And those that depends on living plants and animals are called parasites.
• Fusion of protoplasm is called plasmogamy.
• Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy.
• In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediatly result in diploid cells (2n).
• An intervening dikaryotic stage (n+n) occurs : such a condition is called a dikaryon and the phase is called dikaryo phase.
1.Phycomycetes
• Phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in moist and damp places or as obligate parasites on plants.
• The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic.
• Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores or by aplanospores. These spores are endogenously produced in sporangium.
• These gametes are similar in morphology is called isogamy.
• And dissimilar is called anisogamous or oogamous.
Ex: Rhizopus, Albugo, Mucor
2.Ascomycetes
• Ascomycetes also known as sac-fungi.
• Mostly multicellular, some are unicellular (Yeast).
• They are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung).
• The asexual spores are conidia produced exogenously on the special mycelium called conidiophores.
• Sexual spores are called ascospores which are produced endogenously in sac like asci (singular ascus)
Ex: Neurospora, Aspergillus, Claviceps
• Many members like morel and traffels are edible and are considered delicacies.
3.Basidiomycetes
• Basidiomycetes also known as mashrooms, bracket fungi or puff balls.
• Asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common.
• Karyogamy and meiosis take place in the basidium producing four basidiospores.
• The basidiospores are exogenously produced on basidium.
• The basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.
Ex: Basidiomycetes, Agaricus, Puccinia, Ustilago
4.Deuteromycetes
• Deuteromycetes commonly known as imperfect fungi.
Ex: Alternaria, Colletotrichum, and Trichoderma
🔴 Kingdom Plantae
Artificial classification was given by Linnaeus.
Natural Classification was given by Benthum & Hooker
• Kingdom plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll.
• The plant cell have an eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell wall mainly made of cellulose.
• Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases - the diploid sporophytic and the haploid gametophytic that alternate with each other.
🔴 KingdomAnimalia
• This kingdom is characterized by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular and their cells lack cell walls.
• They digest their food in an internal cavity and store food reserves as glycogen or fat. Their mode of nutrition is holozoic.
• The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female followed by embryological development.
🔴 Virus
• Virus are not truely living.
• Discovered by Pasture.
• Virus are smaller than bacteria.
• "Contagium Vivum Fluidum" (infectionus living fluid)
• As a genetic meterial in virus present RNA/DNA.
• Virus ➞ Plants ➞ Single stranded
➞ Animal ➞ ssRNA, dsRNA
• Bacteriophase ➞ dsRNA
** exception - Φ174 ➞ ssDNA
🔴 Viroids : They have free RNA, low molecular weight. Cause potato spindle tuber disease. Discovered by T.O. Diner in 1971. Very small infectious pathogen.
🔴 Lichens
• Lichens are symbiotic.
• Lichens = Algae + Fungi
• The algae component is known as phycobiont.
• The Fungal component is known as mycobiont.
• Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide shelter and absorb minerals nutrients and water for its partner.
• Lichens are very good pollution indicators - they do not grow in polluted areas.