[ Biology = BIOS + LOGOS ]
Here BIOS meaning is Living and LOGOS meaning is Study.
🎖️ Feature of Living Organism
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
• Cellular Organisation
• Consciousness
Here Growth and Reproduction is not the the defining feature of living organism. Otherwise Metabolism, Cellular Organisation and Consciousness is the the defining feature of living organism.
1. Growth
🔺Increase in mass and overall increase in size of a tissue or organism or its part.
🔺Increase in mass and increase in number of organism.
♻️ Growth is irreversible, permanent.
♻️ Growth is the result of metabolism.
(Synthetic Reaction > Destructive Reaction
= Growth)
✔️ If Synthetic Reaction is is greater than Destructive Reaction then growth will occur.
◾ Synthetic Reaction = Anabolism
◾ Destructive Reaction = Catabolism
✔️ If catabolism is greater than anabolism then it called degrowth.
(Catabolism > Anabolism = Degrowth)
🎖️ Type of Growth :
🔸 Intrinsic : Intrinsic growth is the defining feature of living organism.
🔸 Extrinsic : Accumulation on material on any body surface.
Non living organism exhibits extrinsic growth.
There is also two type of growth which is -
🔹 Indeterminate Unlimited
Ex - Plants
🔹 Determinant Limited
Ex - Animals
🔘 Growth and Reproduction are mutually exclusive events in higher plants and animals.
2. Reproduction
♂️ Reproduction occur in both multicellular organism and unicellular organisms.
♀️Unicellular organism growth is increase in number.
🎖️ Types of Reproduction
🔸 Asexual - gametic fution, fertilization and meiosis is not involved.
🔸 Sexual - fertilization meiosis involved.
⬆️ Asexual Reproduction
1. By Production of Spores
Ex - Algae, Fungi
2. By Budding
Ex - Yeast, Hydra
3. By Fragmentation
Ex - Filamentous Algae, Fungi, Protonima of Moss Plant
4. True Regeneration : Morphallaxis Type
Ex - Planeria
🔴 NOTE : Regeneration (Epimorphosis)
Ex - Lizard and Star Fish
No non living organism exhibit Reproduction
⚠️ Sterile Human Couple and Worker Bees does not show reproduction but living, these why we called reproduction but living, these why we called reproduction is not defining feature.
3. Metabolism
The sum total of all reaction in our body is called Metabolism.
🎖️ Types of Metabolism
🔹 Anabolic (Constructive)
🔹 Catabolic (Destructive)
Metabolism = (Anabolic + Catabolic) Reaction
4. Consciousness
✔️ Self consciousness is not presented all the organism such as human being.
✔️ Consciousness is presented all the leaving organism. So, this is the defining feature.
✔️ Underlying interactions, gives rise to to emergent properties.
✔️ Self replicating.
✔️ Photo period affects reproduction in seasonal breeders.
🔴 Binomial Nomenclature
ICBN - International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
ICZN - International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
🎖️ Introduce by Carolus Linnaeus
🥭 Mango : Mangifera indica Linn
🔸 Latin, written in italics.
🔸 First name is genus and second is speces.
🔸 Underlined italicized.
🔸 Genus name fast letter must be capital and spaces name must be start with small letter.
🔸Name of author.
🔴 Classification : grouping into convenient categories.
🔹Taxa - Used for categories.
Can indicate categories a different
Levels
🔹Taxonomy - best on characteristics of all
living organisms can be classified
into various taxa.
🔴 Modern Taxonomy - Internal structure,
cellular structure, development
process, ecological information.
Kingdom
🔺
Phylum/Division
🔺
Class
🔺
Order
🔺
Family
🔺
Genus
🔺
Species
🔴 Species and Genus
Mangifera indica
🔺 🔺
Genus Species
🔸 Fundamental similarities
🔸 Morphological difference
🔴 Genus - A group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera.
🔴 Family - A group of related genera with lesser number of similarities.
Both vegetative and reproductive features of plants
🔸 Solanaceae - Solanum, Petunia, Datura
🔸 Falidae - Felis (cat) + Panther
🔴 Order - Aggregate of characters. Few similarities characters.
🔸Polymoniaces - Convulvacae, Solanaceae
🔸Carnivora - Cat + Dog (canis)
🔴 Class
Perimata (order) + Cornivora (order)
= Mammalia (Class)
🔴 Phylum/Division
Phylum/Division made of related class.
Division is stands for plant
🔴 Kingdom - Five Kingdom introduce by R.H Whittaker
The Five Kingdom is -
• Monera
• Planty
• Fungi
• Protista
• Animalia
🔵 Taxonomical Aid
Diversity, agriculture, foresty, bio-resources.
Identification - Lab + Fields
Classification - Information gathersed and stored
🔵 Procedure & Techniques
1. Herbarium - Sheet, Arranged, Label, Quick refferal system.
2. Botanical garden - Collection/Level
World largest botanical garden is Royal Botanical garden (kew - England)
3. Museum - Preserved plants and animals for study and reference.